The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between social support and loneliness among gen Z high school students

The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between social support and loneliness among gen Z high school students

Authors

  • Đỗ Thị Lệ Hằng Author
  • Nguyễn Minh Ngọc Author
  • Cao Phương Thao Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1243/a5fvqy26

Keywords:

Loneliness, Social support, Self-esteem, Gen Z, High school student

Abstract

This paper aims to clarify the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between social support and perceived loneliness in a sample of Gen Z high school students in Vietnam. The study surveyed 269 students from two high schools: one located in suburban Hanoi and the other in Thanh Hoa province. Participants were drawn from grades 10, 11, and 12, with 53.4% being female students. The results of the mediation analysis indicate that social support is significantly related to both self-esteem and perceived loneliness. Furthermore, self-esteem also shows a significant relationship with perceived loneliness. Critically, the model reveals that self-esteem mediates the relationship between social support and perceived loneliness in the studied sample. These findings have significant implications for developing and implementing interventions that enhances the positive impact of social support and self-esteem on the emotional experiences of Gen Z adolescents.

References

Tài liệu tiếng Việt

1. Đinh Thị Hồng Vân và Nguyễn Phước Cát Tường (2010). Mối quan hệ giữa chỗ dựa xã hội và cách ứng phó của sinh viên Trường Đại học Y dược - Đại học Huế. Tạp chí Khoa học và Giáo dục, số 1(13), 93-99.

Tài liệu tiếng Anh

2. Asendorpf, J. B., & Van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Validity of the big five personality judgments in childhood: A 9 year longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality, 17(1), 1-17.

3. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.

4. Beal, C. (2006). Loneliness in older women: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27(7), 795-813.

5. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10.

6. Brage, D., Meredith, W., & Woodward, J. (1993). Correlates of loneliness among midwestern adolescents. Adolescence, 28(111), 685-693.

7. Creemers, D. H., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Prinstein, M. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Implicit and explicit self-esteem as concurrent predictors of suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 638-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.006.

8. Dangmei, J., & Singh, A. (2016). Understanding the Generation Z: The future workforce. South-Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 1-5.

9. De Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: Concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8(1), 73-80.

10. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2011). Self-esteem: Enduring issues and controversies. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp. 718-746). Wiley-Blackwell.

11. Fordham, K., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1999). Attachment and loneliness in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 757-768.

12. Guo, Q., Bai, X., & Feng, N. (2018). Social participation and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults: A study on rural-urban differences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 124-130.

13. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

14. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

15. He, L., Ma, Y. F., Zhang, K. S., & Wang, Y. X. (2019). Self-esteem enhancement as a strategy for promoting the mental health and averting the occupational problems of nurses. Frontiers of Nursing, 6(1), 59-65.

16. Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Children's peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61(6), 2004-2021. https://doi.org/10.2307/

1130854.

17. Jenkins, R. (2022). 3 things making Gen Z the loneliest generation. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-case-connection/202208/3-things-making-

gen-z-the-loneliest-generation.

18. Ji, X., Li, X., Wu, C., & Zhang, W. (2019). Self-esteem mediates the relationships between social support, subjective well-being, and perceived discrimination in Chinese people with physical disability. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2230.

19. Kirova-Petrova, A. (2000). Researching young children's lived experiences of loneliness: Pedagogical implications for linguistically diverse students. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 46(2), 99-116.

20. Kong, F., & You, X. (2013). Loneliness and self-esteem as mediators between social support and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9930-6.

21. Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0044-6.

22. Kuhirunyaratn, P., Pongpanich, S., Somrongthong, R., Love, E. J., & Chapman, R. S. (2007). Social support among elderly in Khon Kean province, Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 38(5), 936.

23. Larson, R. W. (1999). The uses of loneliness in adolescence. In K. J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 244-262). Cambridge University Press.

24. Lee, C., Dickson, D. A., Conley, C. S., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2014). A closer look at self-esteem, perceived social support, and coping strategy: A prospective study of depressive symptomatology across the transition to college. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(6), 560-585. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.6.560.

25. Lee, R. M., Lim, N. J., & Rhee, J. M. (2018). A closer look at self-esteem, perceived social support, and coping strategy: A prospective study of depressive symptomatology across the transition to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 324-337.

26. Liu, D., Xi, J., Hall, B. J., Fu, M., Zhang, B., Guo, J., & Feng, X. (2020). Attitudes toward aging, social support and depression among older adults: Difference by urban and rural areas in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 85-92.

27. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346.

28. Nguyen, D. T., Wright, E. P., Dedding, C., Pham, T. T., & Bunders, J. (2019). Low self-esteem and its association with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in Vietnamese secondary school students: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 438641.

29. OECD (2021). All the lonely people: Education and loneliness (Trends Shaping Education Spotlight No. 23). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/23ac0e25-en.

30. Oishi, S., Diener, E., Suh, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Value as a moderator in subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-

6494.00051.

31. Olmstead, R., Guy, S., O’Mally, P., & Bentler, P. M. (1991). Longitudinal assessment of the relationship between self-esteem, fatalism, loneliness, and substance use. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(4), 749-770.

32. Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1-18). Wiley.

33. Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1.

34. Quynh, H. T. T. (2021). Self-esteem and depression among Vietnamese university students. UED Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education, 11(1), 113-121.

35. Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Wesleyan University Press.

36. Rue, P. (2018). Make way, millennials, here comes Gen Z. About Campus: Enriching the Student Learning Experience, 23(3), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086482

218804251.

37. Russell, D. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.

38. Stratton, K. J., Edwards, A. C., Overstreet, C., Richardson, L., Tran, T. L., Trung, L. T., Van Thang, D., & Amstadter, A. B. (2014). Caretaker mental health and family environment factors are associated with adolescent psychiatric problems in a Vietnamese sample. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 453-460.

39. Williams, S., & Braun, B. (2019). Loneliness and social isolation: A private problem, a public issue. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 111(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS111.1.7.

40. Yildirim, M., Alshehri, N. A., & Aziz, I. A. (2019). Does self-esteem mediate the relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 149-156.

41. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.

Published

2026-05-12

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1-10 of 68

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.